Spark plasma sintering (SPS) is a powder consolidation technique that involves the application of high-voltage electric pulses to powders in a compacted state, leading to rapid heating and densification of the material. This process typically takes place under controlled atmosphere and pressure conditions, allowing for the production of dense, high-quality materials with superior mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. SPS is commonly used in the fabrication of advanced materials such as ceramics, composites, and metal alloys, and has found applications in various industries including aerospace, automotive, and electronics. The unique advantages of SPS include shorter processing times, lower sintering temperatures, and the ability to produce complex shapes with uniform microstructures.